Collective effects and synchronization of demand in real-time demand response

Abstract Future energy systems will be dominated by variable renewable power generation and interconnected sectors, leading to rapidly growing complexity. Flexible elements are required balance the variability of sources, including backup generators storage devices, but also flexible consumers. Demand response (DR) aims adapt demand generation, in particular shifting load time. In this article, we provide a detailed statistic analysis collective operation many DR units. We establish simulate model for real-time electricity pricing using local systems. show that drives as desired induces strong effects may threaten system stability. The individual households synchronizes, extreme peaks. statistical grid quantify both likelihood extent